Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), often designated as CD282 (cluster of differentiation 282) is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the large homologous family of Toll like receptors. TLR2 acts as functional receptor for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Like all other members of the TLR family, TLR2 is composed of an extracellular domain containing [...]
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), a member of the evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family, has evolved to permit mammals specifically to detect flagellated bacterial pathogens. Like all other members of the TLR family, TLR5 is composed of an extracellular domain containing multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail containing the conserved TIR [...]
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) often known as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289), is a member of the Toll-like receptor family that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern. TLR9 was first cloned and identified as a receptor for unmethylated CpG-DNA as well as for bacterial DNA. It is essential not only for pro-inflammatory cytokine production and other inflammatory [...]
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) often designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288) is a member of evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family which are critical parts of the evolutionarily conserved innate immune system. TLR8 has been identified as natural receptor for single-stranded RNA, and is thought to act as potent activator of innate immune responses upon [...]
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), is an immune gene possessed by humans, other mammals and additionally in avian species playing a significant role in initiating antiviral immune responses. It belongs to the evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family. The TLR7 sequence encodes a 1049 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 121 kDa. Like all [...]
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) often designated as CD284 (cluster of differentiation 284) is a class I transmembrane receptor belonging to the large homologous family of Toll like receptors. TLR4 expressed on the surface of immune system cells, is activated by exposure to lipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and thus forms [...]
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) often designated as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a type I transmembrane receptor protein. It belongs to a family of evolutionary conserved innate immune recognition molecules and recognizes double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infections. Like all other members of the TLR family, TLR3 is composed of [...]
Folates play an important role in protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis and are particularly recognized for their roles in spinal canal and brain development during early pregnancy. FR4 is expressed at high levels on both natural and TGF-b induced Tregs. The majority of CD4+ Tregs express FR4 along with CD25 and FoxP3. FR4 antibodies (e.g. [...]
Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) was recently identified as a possible surface marker for naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and is constitutively expressed on the cell irrespective of its activation status. Nrp-1 is a type 1 membrane protein with three unique functions. In neuronal cells, Nrp-1 binds the class 3 semaphorins, which are neuronal chemorepellents, and [...]
Tumor metastasis plays a key role in assessing treatment strategies and an important factor in determining patient prognosis. Not surprisingly, significant effort has been focused on elucidating the molecular basis behind tumor metastasis. This understanding may allow development of diagnostic and prognostic tools and likely provide novel therapeutic targets.
In a recent study [...]
